Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane.
De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi.
Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past) si viitor(future).
Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu.
Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte.
Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui.
In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc)
Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat.
Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat
Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva
Actiunea e facuta de subiect
De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work - worked - worked
Iar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen
Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii:
I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc
My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa
Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell si fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei parti ale verbului considerat.
| Present Tense |
| I work |
| You work |
| He works |
| She works |
| We work |
| You work |
| They work |
| Present Continuous |
| I am working |
| You are working |
| He is working |
| She is working |
| We are working |
| You are working |
| They are working |
| Present Perfect |
| I have worked |
| You have worked |
| He has worked |
| She has worked |
| We have worked |
| You have worked |
| They have worked |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
| I have been working |
| You have been working |
| He has been working |
| She has been working |
| We have been working |
| You have been working |
| They have been working |
| Past Tense |
| I worked |
| You worked |
| He worked |
| She worked |
| We worked |
| You worked |
| They worked |
| Past Continuous |
| I was working |
| You were working |
| He was working |
| She was working |
| We were working |
| You were working |
| They were working |
| Past Perfect |
| I had worked |
| You had worked |
| He had worked |
| She had worked |
| We had worked |
| You had worked |
| They had worked |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
| I had been working |
| You had been working |
| He had been working |
| She had been working |
| We had been working |
| You had been working |
| They had been working |
| Future Tense |
| I will work |
| You will work |
| He will work |
| She will work |
| We will work |
| You will work |
| They will work |
| Future Continuous |
| I will be working |
| You will be working |
| He will be working |
| She will be working |
| We will be working |
| You will be working |
| They will be working |
| Future Perfect |
| I will have worked |
| You will have worked |
| He will have worked |
| She will have worked |
| We will have worked |
| You will have worked |
| They will have worked |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
| I will have been working |
| You will have been working |
| He will have been working |
| She will have been working |
| We will have been working |
| You will have been working |
| They will have been working |
Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp.
| What do you do? I work at a bank. | Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca |
| She never works so late | Ea niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu |
The earth spins around the sun. | Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui. |
The store closes at 9:00pm | Magazinul se inchide la 9:00pm. |
Viitorul limbii romana se traduce cu Prezent Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when, as soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoare
Someday when I am big and strong. | Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic |
I am working in the garden | Lucrez in gradina |
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.
I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
Verbul arata o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat de actiuni concrete.
| I am working on my new book. | Lucrez la noua mea carte. |
| By the time the alarm goes off I am already working. | Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput lucrul) |
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent
Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare sau daca efectul ei se vede in prezent
| I have worked all my adult life. | Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai lucrez). |
| I have never worked so late before. | Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana acum). |
Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu).
1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working
2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I worked
O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor.
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care poate continua si in viitor
I have been working on the railroad
|
Am muncit la calea ferata |
E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in viitor.
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I worked
Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.
verbul reprezinta actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune, nu se continua in prezent folositi Past Tense.
| I worked till my hands hurt | Am muncit pana ma dureau palmele. |
Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.
De asemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri (de exemplu vezi poeziile de la Literatura)
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been working
All around the cobbler's bench | In jurul mesei cizmarului |
Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu past tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect.
Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.
SusPast Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece simultan cu un alt eveniment.
Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de altceva (ca si "munceam" pe romaneste)
| I was working when the meteorite fell/the phone rang/you showed up. | Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat telefonul/ai aparut tu. |
I was walking in the park one day | Ma plimbam in parc intr-o zi |
Atentie:in cantecul de mai sus "was walking" este past continuous dar "was taken" nu este past continuous. I was taken inseamna "am fost luat". Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la past continuous zici 'I was taking'.
Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara unei alte actiuni tot in trecut - atunci se foloseste Past Perfect
| I had worked as a goldminer for a long time when I finally struck it rich. | Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur cand in sfarsit am dat de bogatii. |
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni trecute.
Verbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta la care se raporteaza
| Emily said she had worked in her garden that morning. | Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea |
Atentie:La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie.
Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceea
Emily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceea
Emily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceea
Toate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor depinde (oarecum) de context.
Traducerea acestor propozitii:
Emily said she worked in the garden that morning
Emily said she was working in the garden that morning, respectiv
Emily said she had worked in the garden that morning, plus
Emily said she had been working in the garden that morning
se folosesc in limbajul curent depinzand si ele (oarecum) de context
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a carui urmari continua si azi.
Verbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand s-a produs o alta actiune tot din trecut.
| They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it | (Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc |
| He had been working slowly before hearing of the new deadline. | (El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de noul termen limita. |
| They had been working on the new house for many months before the fire destroyed it | (Ei)lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc |
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was working
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had worked
Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp.
Daca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune folositi Future Tense.
| I will work OK? | Am sa muncesc, BINE? |
Someday when I am big and strong |
Intr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternic |
Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus
Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be working
I will be working in Paris next year | Voi lucra la Paris la anul |
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor
| She will be coming round the mountain when she comes | Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul muntelui |
Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11 Future Continuous
Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulare
| By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years | In 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani |
Actiunea e suportata de subiect
De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (alt verb regulat: wash - washed - washed)
2.1 The laundry is washed weekly - Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal.
Dar: I wash the laundry weekly - Eu spal rufele saptamanal
2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now.
2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed.
2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed.
2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday.
2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed
2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed
2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed
2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed.
2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed.
2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed
2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed